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Nutrition & Product Information
Flavored Milk in Perspective References
- Zimmerman, C. Milk. A wide variety of flavors take milk far beyond chocolate. School Foodservice & Nutrition August: 44-54, 1995.
- Attitude and Usage Trend Study (AUTS). Chocolate Milk. Beverage Usage & Attitudes Among Consumers. May 2001.
- International Dairy Foods Association. Milk Facts. 2000 Edition. Washington, D.C.: International Dairy Foods Association. November 2000, p. 34.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21, Chapter 1, Part 131 (Milk and cream), Subpart B (Requirements for Specific Standardized Milk and Cream). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Revised as of April 1, 2000.
- Children's Chocolate Milk Survey. Prepared for National Dairy Council by McDonald Research, Inc. May 1998.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 1999. USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 13. Nutrient Data Laboratory home Page, www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp .
- Gerrior, S., and L. Bente. Nutrient Content of the U.S. Food Supply, 1909-97. Home Economics Research Report No. 54. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. March 2001.
- Institute of Medicine. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1997.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Data tables: Results from USDA's 1994-96 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and 1994-96 Diet and Knowledge Survey. Riverdale, MD: ARS, USDA. February 1999. http://www.ars.usda.gov/main/main.htm
- NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. JAMA 285: 785-795, 2001. http://consensus.nih.gov
- American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition. Calcium requirements of infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics 104: 1152-1157, 1999.
- National Dairy Council. Calcium Counseling Resource. Rosemont, IL: National Dairy Council. 2001. www.nationaldairycouncil.org
- Heaney, R.P. Food: what a surprise! Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 64: 791-792, 1996.
- Miller, G.D., J.K. Jarvis, and L.D. McBean. The importance of meeting calcium needs with foods. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 20(2): 168S-185S, 2001.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Statistical Bulletin No. 939, 1997.
- Tomashek, K.M., S. Nesby, K.S. Scanlon, et. al. Commentary: nutritional rickets in Georgia. Pediatrics 107(4), April 2001. e45. www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/107/4
- Kreiter, S.R., R.P. Schwartz, H.N. Kirkman, Jr., P.A. Charlton, A.S. Calikoglu, and M.L. Davenport. Nutritional rickets in African American breast-fed infants. J. Pediatr. 137: 153-157, 2000.
- Guthrie, H.A. Effect of a flavored milk option on a school lunch program. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 71: 35-40, 1997.
- Kimbrough, J.R., C.W. Shanklin, and B.E. Gench. Beverage choices offered by school food service programs. School Food Service Research Rev. 14(1): 24-28, 1990.
- Garey, J.G., M.M. Chan, and S.R. Parlia. Effect of fat content and chocolate flavoring of milk on meal consumption and acceptability by schoolchildren. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 90: 719-721, 1990.
- Drinking it up: milk doing well in school vending machines. Health News. www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHWOOO/333/8015/315711 . Accessed June 18, 2001.
- Glinsmann, W.H., H. Irausquin, and Y.K. Park. Evaluation of health aspects of sugars contained in carbohydrate sweeteners. J. Nutr. 116(11S): 1S-216S, 1986.
- Kanarek, R.B., and R. Marks-Kaufman. Nutrition and Behavior. New Perspectives. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991.
- Schneeman, B. Summary. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62(1S): 294S-296S, 1995.
- Anderson, G.H. Sugars and health: a review. Nutr. Res. 17(9): 1485-1498, 1997.
- The American Dietetic Association. Position of The American Dietetic Association: use of nutritive and nonnutritive sweeteners. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 98: 580-587, 1998.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 5th edition. Home and Garden Bulletin No. 232. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 2000. http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/Publications/DietaryGuidelines/2000/2000DGBackgrounder.pdf
- Guthrie, J.F., and J. F. Morton. Food sources of added sweeteners in the diets of Americans. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 100: 43-51, 2000.
- Washington State Dairy Council 1998, Revised National Dairy Council’ 2001. Think Your Drink. 2001.
- Palmer, C.A. Important relationships between diet, nutrition, and oral health. Nutr. Clin. Care 4(1): 4-14, 2001.
- Konig, K.G., and J. M. Navia. Nutritional role of sugars in oral health. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62 (suppl): 275S-283S, 1995.
- Miller, G.D., J.K. Jarvis, and L.D. McBean. Handbook of Dairy Foods and Nutrition. 2nd edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2000, pp. 291-310.
- Jensen, M.E. Diet and dental caries. Dent. Clin. N. Am. 43(4): 615-633, 1999.
- National Dairy Council. A protective effect of dairy foods in oral health. Dairy Council Digest 71(1): 1-6, 2000. www.nationaldairycouncil.org
- Gibson, S., and S. Williams. Dental caries in pre-school children: associations with social class, toothbrushing habit, and consumption of sugars and sugar-containing foods. Caries Res. 33: 101-113, 1999.
- Bowen, W.H., and S.K. Pearson. Effect of milk on carcinogenesis. Caries Res. 27: 461-466, 1993.
- Bowen, W.H., S.K. Pearson, P.L. Rosalen, J.C. Miquel, and A.Y. Shih. Assessing the cariogenic potential of some infant formulas, milk and sugar solutions. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 128: 865-871, 1997.
- Stralfors, A. Inhibition of hamster caries by cocoa. The effect of whole and defatted cocoa, and the absence of activity in cocoa fat. Arch. Oral Biol. 11:149-161, 1966.
- Paolino, V.J., and S. Kashket. Inhibition of cocoa extracts of biosynthesis of extracellular polysaccharide by human oral bacteria. Arch. Oral Biol. 30(4): 359-363, 1985.
- Nunn, J. Nutrition and dietary challenges in oral health. Nutrition 17: 426-427, 2001.
- Levine, R.S. Milk, flavoured milk products, and caries. Br. Dental J. 191: 20, 2001.
- The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. HEG Scientific Advisory Board. Approved Statements. Chocolate milk and dental caries. December 10, 1992.
- Rugg-Gunn, A.J., J. Maguire, P.H. Gordon, J.F. McCabe, and G. Stephenson. Comparison of erosion of dental enamel by four drinks using an intra-oral appliance. Caries Res. 32(5): 337-343, 1998.
- American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition. The use and misuse of fruit juice in pediatrics. Pediatrics 107(5): 1210-1213, 2001.
- Wender, E.H., and M.V. Solanto. Effects of sugar on aggressive and inattentive behavior in children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity and normal children. Pediatrics 88: 960-966, 1991.
- Gans, D.A. Sucrose and delinquent behavior: coincidence or consequence? Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 1: 23-48, 1991.
- Wolraich, M.L., S.D. Lindgren, P.J. Stumbo, L.D. Stegink, M.I. Appelbaum, and M.C. Kiritsy. Effects of diets high in sucrose or aspartame on the behavior and cognitive performance of children. N. Engl. J. Med. 330: 301-307, 1994.
- Wolraich, M.L., D.B. Wilson, and J.D. White. The effect of sugar on behavior or cognition in children. A meta-analysis. JAMA 274: 1617-1621, 1995.
- White, J.W., and M. Wolraich. Effect of sugar on behavior and mental performance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62 (suppl): 242S-249S, 1995.
- Kinsbourne, M. Sugar and the hyperactive child. N. Engl. J. Med. 330: 355-356, 1994.
- Ludwig, D.S., K.E. Peterson, and S.L. Gortmaker. Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis. Lancet 357: 505-508, 2001.
- Hill, J.O., and A.M. Prentice. Sugar and body weight regulation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62(suppl): 264S-274S, 1995.
- Farris, R.P., T.A. Nicklas, L. Myers, and G.S. Berenson. Nutrient intake and food group consumption of 10-year-olds by sugar intake level: The Bogalusa Heart Study. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 17(6): 579-585, 1998.
- Zemel, M.B., H. Shi, B. Greer, D. RiRienzo, and P. Zemel. Regulation of adiposity by dietary calcium. The FASEB J. 14: 1132-1138, 2000.
- Davies, K.M., R.P. Heaney, R.R. Recker, J.M. Lappe, M.J. Barger-Lux, K. Rafferty, and S. Hinders. Calcium intake and body weight. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85(12): 4635-4638, 2000.
- Carruth, B.R., and J.D. Skinner. The role of dietary calcium and other nutrients in moderating body fat in preschool children. Int. J. Obesity 25: 559-566, 2001.
- Wolever, T.M.S., and J.B. Miller. Sugars and blood glucose control. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62(suppl): 212S-227S, 1995.
- American Diabetes Association. Nutrition recommendations and principles for people with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 23(suppl 1): 43S-46S, 2000.
- American Diabetes Association. Translation of the diabetes nutrition recommendations for health care institutions (Position statement). Diabetes Care 23(suppl 1): 47S-49S, 2000.
- Kahn, S.E., R.L. Prigeon, R.S. Schwartz, W.Y. Fujimato, R.H. Knopp, J.D. Brunzell, and D. Porte, Jr. Obesity, body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity, and islet B-cell function as explanations for metabolic diversity. J. Nutr. 131 (suppl): 354S-360S, 2001.
- Hughes, J.R., and K.L. Hale. Behavioral effects of caffeine and other methylxanthines on children. Exptl. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 6(1): 87-95, 1998.
- Fredholm, B.B., K. Battig, J. Holmen, A. Nehlig, and E.E. Zvartau. Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use. Pharmacol. Rev. 51: 83-133, 1999.
- Borchers, A.T., C.L. Keen, S.M. Hannum, and M.E. Gershwin. Cocoa and chocolate: composition, bioavailability, and health implications. J. Medicinal Food 3(2): 77-105, 2000.
- International Food Information Council Foundation. Caffeine and health: clarifying the controversies. IFIC Review. July 1998.
- Leviton, A. Behavioral correlates of caffeine consumption by children. Clin. Pediatr. 31(12): 742-750, 1992.
- Bernstein, G.A., M.E. Carroll, R.D. Crosby, A.R. Perwien, F.S. Go, and N.L. Benowitz. Caffeine effects on learning, performance, and anxiety in normal school-age children. J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry 33: 407-415, 1994.
- Stein, M.A., M. Krasowski, B.L. Leventhal, W. Phillips, and B.G. Bender. Behavioral and cognitive effects of methylxanthines. Arch. Pediatr. Adol. Med. 150: 284-288, 1996.
- Pennington, J.A.T. Bowes & Church Food Values of Portions Commonly Used. Sixteenth Edition. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1994, p. 410.
- Stavric, B. Methylxanthines: toxicity to humans. 3. Theobromine, paraxanthine and the combined effects of methylxanthines. Food Chem. Toxic. 26: 725-733, 1988.
- Mumford, G.K., S.M. Evans, B.J. Kaminski, K.L. Preston, C.A. Sannerud, K. Silverman, and R.R. Griffiths. Discriminative stimulus and subjective effects of theobromine and caffeine in humans. Psychopharmacology 115: 1-8, 1994.
- Lloyd, T., N.J. Rollings, K. Kieselhorst, D.F. Eggli, and E. Mauger. Dietary caffeine intake is not correlated with adolescent bone gain. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 17: 454-457, 1998.
- Recker, R.R., A. Bammi, M.J. Barger-Lux, and R.P. Heaney. Calcium absorbability from milk products, an imitation milk, and calcium carbonate. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 47(1): 93-95, 1988.
- Heaney, R.P., and C.M. Weaver. Oxalate: effect on calcium absorbability. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 50: 830-832, 1989.
- Lee, C.M., and C.M. Hardy. Cocoa feeding and human lactose intolerance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 49: 840-844, 1989.
- Dehkordi, N., D.R. Rao, A.P. Warren, and C.B. Chawan. Lactose malabsorption as influenced by chocolate milk, skim milk, sucrose, whole milk, and lactic cultures. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 95: 484-486, 1995.
- Suarez, F.L., D. Savaiano, P. Arbisi, and M.D. Levitt. Tolerance to the daily ingestion of two cups of milk by individuals claiming lactose intolerance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 65: 1502-1506, 1997.
- Suarez, F.L., J. Adshead, J.K. Furne, and M.D. Levitt. Lactose maldigestion is not an impediment to the intake of 1,500mg calcium daily as dairy products. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68: 1118-1122, 1998.
- Connors, P., C. Bednar, and S. Klammer. Cafeteria factors that influence milk-drinking behaviors of elementary school children: grounded theory approach. J. Nutr. Educ. 33: 31-36, 2001.
- Research Report: Survey of Parents on the Subject of Chocolate Milk. Prepared by Impulse Research Corporation, Los Angeles, CA, February 7, 2000.
- Pediatrician Attitude Survey. Prepared by Bruskin Research for BSMG Worldwide. January 2001.
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